Which type of cells is primarily responsible for the pathophysiology of respiratory distress syndrome?

The primary responsibility for the pathophysiology of respiratory distress syndrome, particularly in infants, is attributed to alveolar type II cells. These cells are crucial because they produce surfactant, a substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse and maintaining proper lung function. In neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS), the deficiency or dysfunction of surfactant leads to impaired gas exchange and increased work of breathing, which are hallmark features of the condition.

In adults, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can also involve type II cells. Damage to these cells, often due to inflammation or injury, significantly affects surfactant production, exacerbating lung complications. Therefore, the role of type II cells in producing surfactant and maintaining alveolar stability is central to understanding how respiratory distress syndrome develops and progresses.